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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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" o# \2 }0 C, |/ h1 D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 9 x3 s0 F; B" F) W; E/ q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 6 e& f9 t7 L$ Z- D/ p( @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" Q7 V9 B; L6 W4 ^ "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, " c" P9 P' T; D/ e4 @" ~3 i' I2 K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,5 m! s7 @8 @; t0 ~% Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) G8 a+ Q/ V; {, P"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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4 m. C* G) ?9 X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 5 y6 R7 |7 G/ \( C( m2 Y% ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, h H, o( f2 W0 O' o8 o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / o* V3 h, p h Z, }"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ( @: I+ y/ g8 E, q) m, G6 _! L# n8 P$ n. \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - g5 m' q u# E a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ) T1 n: q0 D! }* ~( N6 ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 s- C9 a5 F) |) z1 ?2 @- p"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, " ]4 A* D2 ?( g9 @/ ?" n* l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, {7 x( q" x7 a v/ U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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2 O& z" F) R1 t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,7 B) v @. F" X8 Z : T6 Q6 @! W: l, {( N" {- B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 Z- [, e5 w. ]9 g1 X"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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' P8 B- V8 `# ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, % @; S/ d6 b; M; i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ & a8 Q& F( M' @: N A/ l0 ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 1 y9 s/ N4 A& A+ k* [& l. i3 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ) F, d! x6 Z9 B! M, v f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 6 `2 D q' _+ K2 f 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, " {1 C% m% I O' K5 \* h3 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% p; L( @: a6 i "Times New Roman"">前者为因, : D9 _: T# A& a+ g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ( b, U& F3 [8 R3 s! Y2 x2 U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! E$ i* ~8 x6 b0 D* [ "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 3 M, |, o4 w- q/ `8 s; I9 d) h0 |( dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, " E, Q& _2 L! q9 g& R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ; E; c B# _0 {! M; cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 e8 A$ Y' _$ u1 g4 P3 p- ^ "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ( G$ X# a# O& [, c# q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: $ V$ J# B9 q! l2 X9 t6 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: \0 U3 g1 i+ x6 S"Times New Roman"">“ 8 F6 @! E0 b! f4 l) O2 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 7 Y5 U( V# L/ y* |" c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” * z* T; `- P6 @- F, Z" S% s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ) p& j. C/ V( K/ N; I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . L- g% l. e D"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 6 U, P" U9 _' z1 f$ X' }- P& \" S$ m4 z) g4 ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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) [) j- C+ s# v0 q$ Q: |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 % t7 ^ Z# ?: x# s8 z/ N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 1 Z& R$ o# K9 M: X. r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : f9 f5 e8 C9 I/ @) B; N8 B+ k( _% y"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, # x8 m; W5 h3 Q k% `/ _+ U0 X0 o0 E- {' S0 J' e* y! p" O: | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 1 R ~( q9 b: k$ s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& N+ d7 Y, J4 \. _, [ "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ) P# o0 D7 b D) `" R& }: s# d$ r3 z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 5 S% ~! s# q7 o6 b4 b0 k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里! U1 z' }5 S% e0 F+ F# J3 h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 7 g" J% S% @2 z2 a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(+ e4 T* K5 \! U- @8 @. w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), # m- B0 a. J4 V1 Y8 R/ ]" R* L* m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 r! x0 ]9 k) b! N" }- Z3 a"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用4 G0 H w- G( ]+ D5 F12.0pt">, ' J/ M) k" w3 a/ g "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 7 I F% u) l; c" r* a; Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 H9 U1 l8 u# w+ O5 R7 @ "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, / a$ @* n% b, j8 {/ x1 |' f3 R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!& S( M& h4 h; j: m7 L z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, . @0 z& c( ~% D9 z! Z! b; r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! Y5 E6 [1 w/ G5 J4 ] "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ) b' |2 x, G+ \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 4 R" c6 ^9 x- o, B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 0 N; s% |" y" u6 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 U5 W- _' {" }/ k5 @* J"Times New Roman"">“ . {/ M, a9 O, a( ^: q' Y3 a/ Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”: _4 B0 X% Q" C% _; x ^12.0pt"> : ~' _4 v9 U* t# |+ U "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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3 u% g: b8 |. S: p4 L: h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 0 c/ C: g5 J! v! @; m+ G7 f) ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ) Z+ \( D% `. p- O# r" M8 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# y) O2 r+ T% z3 Q "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, + U4 v: N# ?9 F& T" n& Y6 H6 Z2 r" Q8 J. ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, j4 T. T4 }# r! \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 2 e9 v9 _* r% Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 ?7 o Q" U) X$ d( ? "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ # @4 l# D6 |# Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 1 S/ ]7 r/ ~0 P; o& e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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# s9 G) L2 ^' `4 f7 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,2 Z% X8 W3 f% i1 \5 _ ( w3 i$ Z" X% z/ e' i; `- H7 v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) ^9 s, B, D, J5 F "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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; c! ~+ X0 w8 B' S- i7 P( C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 9 M0 l6 \0 [' x% [% s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, , D8 V4 }$ M; U* Z. a8 P6 i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' G, U! h: v; h "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 6 I+ ^; B: R! S- Z2 c8 U; L4 g n5 K, X `( O1 x1 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 8 v5 k3 a5 ^5 B/ _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; x( _4 G9 t$ J" { "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,2 O% i, l8 x" K4 q x+ V6 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ) C* a$ S& W! H G1 c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 ~7 X, F" a- a9 k+ Q; T0 o1 }9 z6 \" t "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题" K4 I5 q& }! g7 ~% Z 12.0pt">: 9 ?7 \# _, e# ]3 Y5 s "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: - C; W! n" J5 c$ o0 t$ Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* V0 ]6 b4 I: `3 z. x1 s "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才2 E3 @# o& D5 x- A8 n: H 12.0pt">, # l7 b. X+ {* { x/ x "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 2 P( x1 r* E$ ?2 H1 \9 }+ S X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 m. ~: z* g% ~6 N"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 8 W N# _8 D* Z4 |. H) @0 kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, - v/ k9 p: K. Q* B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ! j6 d8 e+ Z( d2 H- mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 ]! o' _( H5 W "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题. X" ^5 \, Y" v7 H6 m. `* ^ 12.0pt">; 6 @, r0 T8 S, u"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 5 Z6 ~% `4 [0 M3 m) V6 D; W8 x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / y; y, s! I9 z$ x, H"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求2 o- Y/ M& m! a0 C7 W6 H 12.0pt">: 1 C2 Q1 w2 k" u: }"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 9 S( o# a+ k1 h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 v5 d4 `: ?; ] }* l"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 0 t; h c+ J. f+ j3 b, Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 9 k: C; V, `; s' J( p6 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( g' P4 x8 S5 F2 D2 r8 g0 E5 |"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统, g: x& N# R7 d1 w9 ?12.0pt">:

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" W% i5 g' L; X& f+ n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ * P. Z; C; i) x7 k7 `& U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 0 M( ~3 U& P; T/ n2 B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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7 R8 W- u8 z3 V9 l# a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,! e6 G% m, r8 b' Y4 o4 j ( ^0 V3 f* S# v( `; ] Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! n( F( g3 e2 m3 [/ C$ U j5 T"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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7 b5 P, D* ~' H/ N6 q! b, e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ! m* U2 r- ], v# W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 y k6 |# m1 B. F' C. U3 o "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 6 ]& A5 n* m4 ~4 ?* t% a2 E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, # H1 H$ C1 d- n b6 Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 s" B& R" ^- j6 x$ ?# D6 c3 K"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, ) W7 s9 @3 |- {. Q: `) Z+ q7 C. z' j# ]6 @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, - L8 y( f$ R0 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 u; |$ M3 r0 B* m" r* k9 S8 C: u' x+ ] "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, , R* A' U$ p" }$ `4 ^0 L$ l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 2 q( \- f5 ?# G+ X$ j6 y, |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 5 E0 q @5 ], y- e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 `. M# [( e6 U {/ Y "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, $ B2 ~6 h+ L8 R2 M# X( omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 7 Z9 g6 X2 M( f( E* [, lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& |" n6 }2 h4 B5 P# i) ]/ j "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 7 i/ w6 d( v2 C. W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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8 F: P6 o' G1 N) ^3 {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,7 s% O8 M5 L3 z) y& A* x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 ~6 o; I: G) }7 @ m3 C9 ~ "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定" D2 ?- y1 b- ?) c- s) {2 i% D& g 12.0pt">, # U) o: H; q& V2 J3 u "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, & {- k5 t9 x; X1 N' f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! b1 X2 o. F" ^! }2 D. p) D6 v"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:6 s" r3 _9 C% L, n' \& | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 4 w4 i! e7 S" u& b9 ^: J/ f' s) T2 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 0 ~# z8 k7 r$ g& @/ r' e$ ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, \3 F$ X/ e" t7 O0 ^ "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ( u# {( w( Q8 D$ Q7 o( B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 4 t) p% N8 v/ o0 }) j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: H" n1 W3 S9 q8 |% x( Q4 g& x"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: " ?6 j( B0 I5 F# Q& U" }" V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ' K: N2 e7 i7 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ( U. R6 ^* V; ^7 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 }5 M( o- x: ]$ k; b0 D "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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